EOTO #3- Journo Hero

Howard Cosell: A loved and hated man

Howard Cosell was a legend in the sports broadcasting world, for good and bad reasons, but nobody can deny that he influenced the way that commentators strive to broadcast.

Cosell was born on March 25, 1918, in Winston-Salem, but grew up in Brooklyn. With his time in New York, he got his law degree at New York University after passing the bar exam in 1941. He used his law degree to represent entertainment and sports figures. Cosell continued his law practice, while adding a new profession notch to his belt. In 1953, he became the host of a radio show, which included Little League baseball players asking questions to Major League Baseball sensations. 

In 1958, Cosell left his practice and began his career as a full-time sports broadcaster. Amongst his various careers surrounding sports, Cosell became most controversial during his time as a sports broadcaster where he was known for being very blunt and opinionated. Cosell said, "I've been called arrogant, pompous, obnoxious, vain, cruel, verbose, a showoff. And, of course, I am." 

He put himself on the map with a few standpoints that were much different than those around him in his profession and in society itself. 

He's known as being the first person to support boxer Muhammad Ali after he was stripped of his heavyweight title due to his refusal to be drafted into the army for religious reasons. He also supported sprinters John Carlos and Tommie Smith at the 1968 summer Olympic Games after they raised their fists into Black-power salutes at their medal ceremony in Mexico City. Cosell wasn't afraid to discuss social issues, which is what made him so different from any broadcaster at the time, since many did not believe in Cosell's motto: "I'm just telling it like it is."

Cosell was a commentator for Monday Night Football and made his mark once again due to the colliding personalities of himself and former football players Frank Gifford and "Dandy" Don Meredith. Cosell was very critical and insulting when it came to his view on former players entering the broadcasting career due to their fame from playing. Therefore, he wasn't always the friendliest to these ex-pros, and he was especially critical of Meredith's laid-back approach to broadcasting. 

Much of the public either hated or loved Cosell, but either way the public was captivated by his opinions and wanted to see what he would say next. As a result, Monday Night Football was a humongous success and was listed as the No. 1 rated program a lot in the weekly Nielsen ratings.

In 1980, Cosell was credited with letting many Americans know about the death of Beatles' legend John Lennon, after he announced on a Monday Night Football broadcast that the star had been shot and killed. 

Cosell left his impact on Monday Night Football by coining the phrase "He could... go all... the way!", and many broadcasters have used this phrase in their commentating. Along with this phrase that occurred during kickoffs, he was credited too for popularizing the term "nachos" with his time on MNF. Nachos were born in Texas and oddly enough, during a broadcast of MNF Cosell was given a plate and introduced them to his listeners across the country and incorporated the word as an adjective for describing plays. Such as, "That was a nacho run!"

Cosell was extremely influential in growing the prominence of prime-time football programs and in the food industry, but he began his decline in 1982.

Two years after announcing Lennon's death, Cosell stopped commentating on boxing matches after a very brutal match between Larry Holmes and Tex Cobb. Shortly after, in 1983, his controversy peaked when he referred to Washington Redskins' football player Alvin Garrett as a "little monkey." Many viewed this comment as being racist, even though Garrett announced that he didn't find the comment to be demeaning.

Civil rights activist Jesse Jackson and Muhammad Ali provided support for Cosell, but the opinions of others, like the Rev. Joseph Lowery, were too overwhelming and Cosell left MNF at the end of 1983. Cosell tried to explain that he was referring to Garrett's stature, which was on the shorter side, and there is video evidence of Cosell calling Mike Adamle a "little monkey" as well. Both players were short for the NFL, but this benefited Cosell's argument that his comment wasn't racially motivated because he called them the same term even though they were different races. 

Nonetheless, he moved on from MNF and published his book in 1985 called I Never Played the Game. This book included many insults about some of his former colleagues at ABC and resulted in the network getting rid of his SportsBeat program. SportsBeat was a television series hosted by Cosell, where he would interview sports figures and get to the bottom of the hard-hitting questions circling around the sports industry. After his time on television came to a close, he returned to radio until he retired in 1992. Six months before he retired he had surgery to remove a cancerous tumor in his chest. His health was declining, and he passed away at 77 on April 23, 1995, due to a cardiac embolism.

Cosell dominated the sports broadcasting game when he entered it in the mid-1950s, with his hard-hitting opinions and fearlessness to express them. He was critical of the sports he commentated on and was not afraid to call athletes, coaches and colleagues out. Commentators typically stuck to just discussing the game at hand, but Cosell made his mark by showing viewers his viewpoints on situations and by investigating situations that were going on relating to sports.

The New York Times explained Cosell's effect on the sports broadcasting world: "He entered sports broadcasting in the mid-1950s, when the predominant style was unabashed adulation, [and] offered a brassy counterpoint that was first ridiculed, then copied until it became the dominant note of sports broadcasting."

Some of Cosell's recognitions included TV Guide naming him The All-Time Best Sportscaster in its issue celebrating 40 years of television, his induction into the Television Academy Hall of Fame and his ranking of No. 47 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time in 1996. He posthumously won a Sports Emmy in 1995, which was the Lifetime Achievement Award.

As I pursue a career in sports, I will remember that it pays off to be opinionated, to be confident and to bring something to the table that differentiates me from other sports journalists.

Blog #4

"Good Night, and Good Luck" reaction post

Watching "Good Night, and Good Luck" has led me to realize that journalists must continue to expose our government for wrong doings as it still tries to control what the media says about it and about the situations that it gets itself into.

"Good Night, and Good Luck" covered the tension between journalist Edward R. Murrow and Senator McCarthy of Wisconsin, with Murrow exposing McCarthy for his improper accusations against people for their association with Communism. This was a huge step in the right direction, to stop much of the division in the country at the time and to stop the horrors that people faced with the fear of Russia invading.

At the time citizens were fearful of one another and struggled to trust others in society. They especially feared the government because Senator McCarthy accused individuals of being disloyal to the government. McCarthy wreaked havoc upon the American people from 1949 to 1957 as he used his power in government to ruin peoples' reputations and livelihoods. He misused his powers "as chair of the Senate Committee on Government Operations and the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations," and would interrogate people publicly without having any real evidence. This resulted in people losing their jobs and others viewing them differently because they never had the opportunity to defend themselves.

Due to McCarthy's reputation, many journalists and citizens were fearful to stand up to him. They were unsure of what he would do to them because he stopped at no lengths to take anyone down who threatened his power and disagreed with the government. This fear that was created during the 1940s and 1950s would be under the term chilling effect. A chilling effect is essentially when numerous individuals feel obstructed or discouraged to perform their natural and legal rights by the threat of legal sanction. When citizens and journalists were scared to express their actual feelings about McCarthy, they self-censored themselves. As the American people feared being publicly humiliated and under intense heat from McCarthy, he was capable of wrongfully taking advantage of many people throughout his years in the Senate.

I found Murrow's actions at CBS to be extremely heroic because he was finally able to direct attention towards McCarthy's inappropriate power trip.

Without Murrow calling out McCarthy, who knows how many other people he would have ruined. My biggest takeaway from the movie was that you can't be afraid to take risks as a journalist, even if that means possibly getting in trouble with the government.

It is a journalist's job to find the truth and provide the truth to the public. Journalists are not tied to the government at all, and therefore, are required to expose the government's wrongdoing if they are aware of them. Up until Murrow took the risk to expose McCarthy, the journalists at the time were doing a disservice to the public. They knew that what McCarthy was doing was wrong but feared that they would lose their livelihoods and preferred not to say anything as a result. After learning about the destruction that the government can cause in this movie and in society currently, I have learned that as a future journalist, I must put my fears aside and prioritize serving the public to the best of my ability.

The government should provide journalists with insight, but they shouldn't coerce and threaten journalists to cover stories with a certain agenda. The government isn't perfect in the slightest, and journalists cannot look the other way, or else the government will take advantage of the public, who are unaware of the secrets and lies surrounding the government's business.

Our country has been heavily divided for years, as seen during the Red Scare and during the outbreak of Covid-19.

The uncertainty and fear circling around society in the 40s and 50s is much like the atmosphere during quarantine because nobody knew what to believe, and people trying to speak out against the government's decisions were being silenced. The issues from Covid are still being tackled today, as seen in the Supreme Court case Murthy v. Missouri.

This case also demonstrates a chilling effect created from the government, as many individuals claim that government officials censored certain opinions that went against theirs, especially those that went against how the government was handling the pandemic. 

The plaintiffs were fearful of what power the government held over them because the government took advantage of their power and forced social media platforms to censor these individuals' content. They wanted the content to be hidden from the public because it went against what the government believed and could possibly sway the public to not believe in what the government was saying or doing. The government wants to always stay in power and have people fully believing in them, but these plaintiffs threatened the reputation of the government. The government felt the need to involve social media platforms and threaten them as well because much was at stake with people dying every day, and they couldn't afford to have the public lose trust in them at the peak of a crisis.

I would consider the era during the Red Scare and the current era we are in to be called the terror on journalism. 

This era does not seem to be ending anytime soon because the government will always feel the need to insert themselves where they don't belong. Journalists need to continue to fight back and be brave when it comes to confronting the government because tensions escalate with more and more issues coming about every day. If the public is unaware of the wrong doings of the government, no change will be made when it is needed. 

It is scary to think that the terror on journalism, where journalists are under constant threat to have their lives ruined continues, but I now understand the importance of speaking out. As seen in the film, all it takes is one person or organization to take on the government and make the public aware of what is going on. This is essential to make sure that the government and the way the country is ran does not become too out of control and one sided. We need people to hold others accountable or havoc will reign supreme.

I hope that down the line, I can be one of these people who speaks out fearlessly and shows the public that not everything is what they were originally told.

EOTO #2- Reaction Post

Women in journalism: The potential never ends

As an aspiring female sports journalists, I was most intrigued with the EOTO that discussed women in journalism. I had never heard of stunt reporting or stunt girls before, which seems shameful since these women got the ball rolling for future females in this field.

For those like me who didn't know much about the start of female journalism, I'll start off with two definitions. First off, stunt reporting started in the 1880s and 1890s, where female journalists would go undercover into certain establishments and report on the experiences of being on the inside for the newspapers that they were working for. 

These women were labeled as stunt girls, even though they were investigative journalists like men. They got this title due to the societal belief that women who did this work and who were considered brave and independent were unusual and rare.

Spotlighting Nellie Bly was a great idea for this presentation because she is a very well-known stunt girl whose stories covered numerous issues that were occurring at the time. It was refreshing to see a woman creating strong works of journalism, especially with so many women getting pushed to the sideline to do "female" topics like fashion and gossip, instead of more important topics like hard news and social action. 

Bly and other stunt girls demonstrated that women could write these types of stories and showed that they had the grit and determination to tackle big issues in society through writing.

Bly, whose real name was Elizabeth Cochrane, had the urge to promote activism coursing through her veins. Her career began in 1885 after she wrote a disapproving email to the editor of the Pittsburgh Dispatch on an article called "What Girls are Good For."

She began working for this newspaper and wrote articles about Pittsburgh women's working conditions, conditions in the slums and other similar topics. One of her notable works of journalism for this paper was Six Months in Mexico where she frequently sent back reports about the condition of the poor and official corruption in Mexico.

After angering Mexican officials, she left the paper and moved on to writing for the New York World. She turned heads with her compilation of reports called Ten Days in a Mad House, which covered her time in the insane asylum on Blackwell's Island. She explained the conditions and how the patients were treated in the asylum which caused a grand-jury investigation and helped to improve patient care.

She continued to expose other institutions for their wrongdoings, but what I find most impressive is the fact that she showed zero fear when writing these kinds of articles. This kind of journalism is risky because these articles can ruin people's careers, reputations and lives. Even if the articles are factual people negatively affected will come after you.

Investigative journalists receive a lot of hate, and I'm sure it was even more difficult for women like Bly because women weren't always taken seriously when not discussing topics like fashion, makeup, celebrities and gossip. Unfortunately, this still happens, especially in sports broadcasting.

I'm working on a final paper for my sports and communication class, which discuss the inequality that female sports reporters face. Much like many women at the time were forced to cover female related topics, sports reporters have faced only being sideline reporters due to their appearance and the assumed belief that women aren't as knowledgeable about sports. 

It's disappointing and discouraging that there is little faith in female reporting across multiple genres. However, after learning about Bly in this EOTO, I hope that I can showcase that women are capable of covering sports and other hard-hitting topics in my future career.

EOTO #2

Universal History Archive 

Planting crops through broadcasting. 

Early history of radio and television in sports

Broadcasting on radio and television changed the game for spreading information and generating attention around sports across the nation. 

Radio was actually called broadcasting as well, when it took off in the 1920s, because the information being stated on the radio could be spread all over the place. People referenced the broadcasting farming process, which was when seeds would be scattered all over the soil, allowing the crops to spread. 

The first sporting event to ever be broadcasted over the radio was a boxing match between Johnny Ray and Johnny Dundee on April 11, 1921. Boxing was a great sport to start with in regard to introducing the radio to fans of sports because it was easy to follow with only two people fighting in the ring and it was a popular sport at the time.

 

The Lost Media Wiki

Newspaper covering the match

between Ray and Dundee.

The radio station KDKA in Pittsburgh, P.A. broadcasted the event, and the local newspaper reporter Florent Gibson covered it. Another boxing match was hosted on July 2, 1921. This match between Jack Dempsey and Georges Carpentier generated almost 300,000 radio listeners.

Bob Fulton

University of Pittsburgh vs. WVU.

Radio helped another sport in more ways than one: college football. On October 8, 1921 the first college football game was broadcasted between the University of Pittsburgh and West Virginia University. This helped give the sport more visibility because people who were unable to get to the game due to money or distance could hear the games over the radio. 

The excitement around college football also helped increase the usage of radios because more people bought them to listen to the games, allowing for radio stations to convince advertisers that it was worth paying for their ads to be included in the broadcast. With an increase in advertisements and more people tuning in on the radio, radio stations and college football generated lots more money.

People still wanted to go see sporting events for themselves even with the radio being introduced. But attendance at games didn't drop drastically like many athletic departments feared. 

TV being introduced into the world of sports led to more concerns from the athletic departments because they were fearful that people would much rather watch games in the comfort of their homes instead of spending money at stadiums. 

gocolumbialions.com

Cameraman filming a game between
 Columbia and Princeton.

The first sporting event to be broadcasted on TV was Columbia vs. Princeton baseball on May 17, 1939. Much like when radio was tested out on boxing since it is a simple sport, baseball was TV's test subject due to the game not being fast paced. NBC broadcasted the game and found out that they could get multiple cameras to cover each angle of the game, and the coverage of baseball on TV was born.

College football gave TV a shot and the first college football game broadcasted was Fordham vs. Waynesburg on September 30, 1939.

From there TV took off with Notre Dame football getting an exclusive deal with DuMont Presentation and UPenn gaining an exclusive deal with ABC in 1950. Other teams couldn't get coverage with these restrictive contracts.

Brendan Conroy

NCAA controlling college football. 

Other teams wanted to take advantage of selling ads and gaining sponsorships from commercials and they were fed up with only one game being shown every Saturday. This led to an antitrust case against the NCAA in 1984 because they were controlling all of the teams' schedules and the teams didn't generate much money from TV coverage.

NCAA v. Board of Regents of Oklahoma, Georgia and Arkansas provided teams in the current age to generate a lot of revenue from TV by having multiple games on certain days in the week. The NCAA didn't have overall control anymore over the TV aspect of the game and teams could now negotiate their own schedules and individual rights.

The effects of radio and TV were tremendous for teams to generate money and for fans to enjoy a variety of games in numerous ways. 

vox.com

Fans celebrating at a football game.

With people having the ability to listen or watch games even when they couldn't physically be there, the love for sports spread and people were able to associate with the sports they love and their favorite teams more. 

Blog #3

The Front Page reaction

I thoroughly enjoyed watching The Front Page because it was very interesting to see how things were done in journalism years ago. 

I have learned that it is important to know our history in general so that we don't repeat the negative aspects of it. This seems to be true when it comes to the history of journalism as well. As seen in The Front Page, journalists haven't always strived for accurate information, but rather the storyline that will have people paying for paper after paper. 

In numerous scenes we see the journalists reporting exaggerated headlines and providing the news about the convict, Earl Williams, with incorrect facts and exaggerated information. The reporters tend to jump to conclusions in this movie, to create a narrative that is more interesting than the one happening in real time. 

That kind of ideal, where the truth is in the shadows behind the greed for more money and publicity, bothers me because people's lives and reputations are at stake. Williams is perceived as a lunatic and Mollie Malloy is only depicted as a hooker  to keep readers coming back for more. They are clearly misunderstood, and it is unfortunate that the reporters didn't take the time to hear their side. The reporters never think about anything other than their own careers, resulting in Williams and Malloy's lives at risk, with Malloy jumping out the window to create a distraction.

Another interesting thing that I noticed throughout the film is how friendly the reporters were with each other, even though they were competing for audience members. I'm not sure if they were necessarily concerned with the competition because they were making so many outrageous claims, so all the papers would entice readers to read no matter what. 

However, I don't think that we will ever see this kind of friendliness again for a few reasons. For instance, there aren't as many face-to-face interactions as possible with others in the field, with so many stories being produced online, so proper relationships can't be made. A lot of papers also support causes or side with certain political stances; therefore, it is not guaranteed that reporters will want to engage in friendly behavior with others if they don't agree with the values or opinions that their news organization aligns with.

In more recent years, media consumers have matured, which has resulted in many news organizations prioritizing accuracy. Media consumers have learned about misinformation and about how to detect it, so to keep and increase audience members, journalists can no longer exaggerate information or twists narratives. 

With all this in consideration, I don't think that we see news organizations trying to manipulate audiences as much as we use to, especially with media consumers having limited attention spans. There are so many ways for people to get their news, so news organizations must separate themselves from other platforms by gaining accurate information from reliable sources while also enticing readers with eye catching headlines that are also accurate.

We see multiple eras of journalism being depicted in the movie including the Penny Press era, Yellow Journalism / Sensationalism era and impressing the press baron era. 

For starters the Penny Press allowed for reporters to cut their strong tie with political parties because they could now sell papers for cheaper and have more people from the lower and middle classes buying them. Newspapers were now financially stable on their own and could write about more than just politics, which is why we see in the movie the reporters focusing many headlines on the Earl Williams case. 

As I previously mentioned, the newspapers are no longer relying on political parties for money, so they feel a sense of urgency to push out false narratives to get more people to buy and read the papers. We see the reporters all sitting around the table and as they witness or hear about the news, they immediately report it without knowing for sure the facts behind it all. 

We also see the competitive aspect between the reporters because even with them seeing and hearing the same information, they still come up with their own twist to the information. Instead of using  accuracy to stand apart from their competitors, they try to exaggerate the story more to catch reader's attention. By reporting in this manner, they impress their press barons because the crazier the story they tell, the more papers they will sell. However, by throwing accuracy and more thorough reporting to the side, the reporters risk people's lives, like Williams and Malloy's. They don't care about getting the story right, even when they are evoking fear into the people in the city, along with the people who are closer to the case.

The Front Page was a great movie and it clearly correlated nicely with our lessons in class. It provided us with a lot of lessons, demonstrating the dangers of Yellow Journalism. It certainly showed me that journalists need to provide accuracy when discussing events, especially when peoples' lives are on the line. 

I want to be a part of a respected organization, where accuracy, revealing the truth and showing multiple points of view are at the top of the priorities list. I couldn't live with myself if I was intentionally providing false narratives to the public because journalists are trusted in the community, or they at least should be, to unveil the truth and keep the public properly informed.

EOTO #1 Reaction

The impact of the first newspapers

Even though I have dreamt of becoming a sports journalist and pursuing a degree in journalism since the seventh grade, I have never thought about how journalism began. 

It seems silly to think that I have never thought about this before because if Benjamin Harris didn't fight for the creation of newspapers in 1660, my dream profession may have never existed. I found this presentation to be extra interesting because I had no idea how difficult it was to start a paper and to keep it running. It was also mind-boggling to me that censorship has continued to impact journalism from the creation of the first newspaper to reporters being sent to jail or silenced currently for going against government beliefs.

As I mentioned, Benjamin Harris created the first ever newspaper in the colonies in 1660 called Publick Occurrences. This made the colonists happy, because it gave them the ability to read someone else's perspective other than the perspective of the government. Publick Occurrences opened the door for colonists to read about topics, see what others had to say and discuss situations that typically were off limits for colonists to discuss. 

The British government did not like what Harris was doing because they felt threatened by the power a newspaper would give to colonists to express their thoughts and get them talking about everyday issues. Freedom of Speech did not exist in the colonies for this reason because the British government wanted full control and didn't want to risk colonists realizing that others felt the same way they did because that could cause people to start getting together and have them want to figure out ways to distance themselves from the control of the government. 

Harris's paper could only remain with the British government's stamp of approval, but they didn't want the paper to run because it challenged their ability to deceive the colonists who could originally only get their news from the government. Therefore, the paper did not stand a chance against the government at the time, and it was banned. 

The government still tries to silence us, but we have Freedom of Speech luckily, so it is more challenging for the government to insert themselves into our everyday conversations. However, I have learned that the government still tries to control the conversations of its citizens and that it is important for us journalists to continue to hunt for the truth, or else we will be left in the dark and only hear the government's side. Benjamin Harris demonstrated that being a voice for the public and having a platform is essential in society because even after having the Publick Occurrences shut down he tried again in 1690.

This edition was shut down immediately in 1690, but I learned during the presentation that I have Harris to thank again for jump starting journalistic style writing. Harris added descriptive details and introduced the four-page format that had never been seen in any form of governmental press. Without Harris showing the significance of people being aware of what is going on outside of the information provided from the government and without adding this new format to journalism, the way that journalism is conducted in today's age may have never become a thing. 

I appreciate Harris's work because my passion for journalism has stemmed from wanting to share the truth with people and allow peoples' voices to be heard through my writing. If Harris had not provided us with this platform many years ago, I'm not sure that I would be pursuing a journalism career without knowing that it was possible to go against the status quo and take risks to start the flame of change.

The first newspaper to be continuously published in the U.S. was created by John Campbell on April 24, 1704, and was called the Boston News-Letter. This paper also impacted my future career because it proved that people want their voices heard and want to be in the know, especially when social issues are occurring. This paper played a huge role in the lead-up to the American Revolution and the publicity around the revolution made people come back to the paper for more. 

The sports industry has issues which are consistent with ones that are going on in the world and this paper demonstrates that people want to stay informed. Therefore, they need platforms that provide multiple viewpoints on situations to see the full picture and understand the situations on a deeper level. 

Both papers have demonstrated the core reasons why I've gotten into this profession, and they have given me hope that even with censorship from the government, media consumers will continue to look to journalists to provide them with the proper information so that we can continue to make change and have a say in the way our world looks and runs.

Blog #2- EOTO #1

The Associated Press: History and impact

I thought May 22 was a special day only in the year 2004 because that is the day that I was born. 

All jokes aside, I have now learned that an important news agency was born many years before me, which has an impact on my future profession in journalism. On May 22, 1846 the Associated Press was created in New York City as a non-profit news cooperative. Five newspapers: The Sun, the New York Herald, the New York Courier and Enquirer, The Journal of Commerce and the New York Evening Express, banded together to afford to transmit news of the Mexican-American War. This joint effort to spread news did not stop in 1846. 

Two years later, in 1848, six papers worked together to finance a telegraphic relay of foreign news brought by ships to Boston. This made Boston the first U.S. port of call for westbound transatlantic ships. The New York Associated Press got its name in 1856, and it sold its work to numerous regional newspaper organizations. Midwestern newspaper publishers created the Western Associated Press in 1862, after being pressured by regional customers to make some changes in the control of the NYAP. The Western Associated Press separated itself from the NYAP in 1892 and was established separately in Illinois as the Associated Press.

The regional organizations did not stay apart for long and merged in 1900, where the modern AP was formed. Issues occurred when a newspaper that was not a member of the AP, called the Chicago Inter Ocean, filed an anti-monopoly suit against AP. The Associated Press moved from Chicago to New York City after the Illinois Supreme Court decided that AP was a public utility that was operating in restraint of trade. 

New York City was the place to be in 1900 for the Associated Press because corporation laws were more favorable to cooperatives there. AP was targeted by the Western Associated Press as well for their monopolistic news gathering and price setting practices, so it was best for them to stay on the east coast. The AP was not protected by New York corporation laws for long, when Marshall Field III, who created the Chicago Sun, fought his exclusion from the AP service in the early 1940s. Under the federal antitrust laws, prosecution put an end to AP's restrictive practices.

As technology continued to advance, so did the Associated Press. They partnered with Dow Jones & Co., Inc., to create the AP-Dow Jones Economic Report. This partnership, which formed in 1967, allowed for news about business, economic and financial information to be spread across the world. 

In the '70s and '80s, the AP created DataStream, a highly efficient news transmission service;  LaserPhoto, which established transmission of the first laser-scanned photos; the "electronic darkroom," which electronically formatted, cropped and transferred photos; and LaserPhoto II, the first satellite color-photograph network. The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law came out in 1977 and became the rulebook for news writing in the U.S. 

They continued to make advancements in television, radio and video. In the '90s the Associated Press Television (renamed Associated Press Television News), a London-based global video news platform; AP All News Radio (a 24-hour radio news network); and the WIRE (an online news platform that had continuously updated audio, photos, video and text) were all created. 

These advancements helped consumers become more aware of information and events developing and occurring around them. In the early 21st century AP switched their focus to including more activity from readers, such as creating a blog; asap, a multimedia news service for younger subscribers; citizen journalism; and the Mobile News Network for individuals with mobile phones.

The Associated Press has impacted the way we gain news, allowing us to gain more news from around the globe at a faster rate on various platforms. On the journalism side of things, they became a role model demonstrating what good journalism looks like, as they strive to gather and publish news efficiently, accurately and factually. They have won 58 Pulitzer Prizes, with 35 being for photography since the award was established in 1917. 

The Associated Press has extremely high standards and has proven themselves to be the trailblazers of the news, with many news organizations and journalists trying to keep up with them. 

Their stylebook is acclaimed by many, with a lot of organizations turning to it, to run their organizations properly. The work of the Associated Press has ultimately gotten the ball rolling to make the news clearer and more concise for readers, by being a standard of good journalism practice, that other organizations strive to be like. 

I will certainly use the Associated Press Stylebook in my future profession, and I look forward to reading the AP as reference to work on configuring efficient, accurate and unbiased news pieces for many audiences around the world.